が

but, however

Build a strong foundation of Japanese with a high-frequency grammar and real-world phrases.

が is a conjunction in Japanese that means "but" or "however" and is used to contrast two ideas or connect clauses in a sentence. It provides a smooth way to introduce a second idea that contrasts or adds to the first idea.

が is commonly used in both spoken and written Japanese, with a tone that is slightly more formal and neutral compared to けど. It can also appear at the end of a sentence to leave thoughts incomplete or invite a response from the listener in a polite manner.

This conjunction is a key tool for expressing nuanced relationships between ideas, making it essential for learners to convey contrast and develop more complex sentences.

Structure

Verb + が

い-Adjective + ⁽¹⁾が

な-Adjective + だ⁽¹⁾ + が

Noun + だ⁽¹⁾ + が

⁽¹⁾ です (polite)

Level

Key uses

1. Contrasting two ideas

が is frequently used to introduce a contrast or contradiction between two ideas or statements, functioning similarly to "but" in English. It connects two clauses smoothly while maintaining a formal tone.

[ Additional Insight ]

が serves as a subtle connector that highlights contrasts without sounding harsh. This makes it particularly effective in maintaining polite and balanced expressions in both written and spoken Japanese.

2. Softening transitions in formal speech

In formal or professional contexts, が is often used to transition from one topic to another, even if the two ideas are not directly related. This usage helps create smooth, respectful communication.

[ Additional Insight ]

By using が in this way, speakers can introduce potentially intrusive requests or new topics delicately, ensuring the conversation remains polite and considerate.

3. Softening the tone in requests or apologies

が can leave a sentence open-ended, allowing the listener to infer or follow up on the implied continuation. This usage is particularly common in casual conversations.

[ Additional Insight ]

This use minimizes the directness of requests or apologies, showing respect and consideration for the listener. It’s great for negotiations, apologies, or adjustments.

4. Softening requests or refusals

が is often used to soften the tone of a request or refusal, making it less direct and more polite. This usage is especially effective when turning down offers or providing negative feedback.

[ Additional Insight ]

In this context, が serves as a buffer, preventing the statement from sounding too blunt. It conveys the message clearly while maintaining a respectful tone.

Comparisons

1. けど

けど is more casual and commonly used in conversational Japanese, while が is formal and more suited for written or polite contexts. Use けど for a natural, everyday tone, and が for a polished, professional tone.

2. でも

でも is used at the beginning of a sentence to contrast with a previous statement, while が directly connects two clauses within the same sentence. Use でも for stronger emphasis on contrast, and が for smooth, integrated transitions.

3. しかし

しかし is more formal and commonly used in speeches, essays, or reports, while が is more flexible and used in everyday conversation or writing. Use しかし when you want a serious, academic tone, and が for a more relaxed but still formal